![]() ![]() Because the mechanisms that lead to COPD and its sequelae are poorly understood at the molecular level, there are no effective treatments.Ī major factor that has hampered the study of COPD is the lack of a small animal model that recapitulates the hallmark features of the disease in a reasonable time frame. Moreover, COPD patients are more susceptible to respiratory infections. 2, 3 Systemic effects also are observed in the skeletal muscle, heart, and other organs. ![]() 1 The disease is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, airway remodeling, and emphysema that lead to reduced lung function and breathlessness. ![]() It is the 4 th leading cause of chronic morbidity and death worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing. Cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating disorder of the lung. ![]()
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